Authority in King Lear

Kayla Jacklin Dr. Treschow English 153 25 March 2013 Power Corrupts a Happily Ever After The theme of authority is prominent in William Shakespeare’s play King Lear. The play has many situations that allow readers to observe the negative effects that ones authority can have, and the negative effects that the lust for power will bring. Having authority is an important responsibility that is often misused. Even in today’s society there are world leaders either taking the wrong irrational action or taking no action at all, which results in consequences for themselves and their people.In Shakespeare’s play we are presented with the idea that having a great deal of authority can make one seem â€Å"blind† by making poor thoughtless decisions. These characters, and the readers of the play, will learn something from those mistakes through observing the outcomes the characters are faced with. Also in our society, there is corruption from a strong desire for power. Throughout history many dictators and tyrants have caused disruption for the people from their personal greed.In Shakespeare’s play, the characters who have a strong want for power will causes corruption which can teach the readers the downfalls of authoritative behavior. When a person of high power ends up in a situation they are not pleased with, they often act irrationally. Most times they act too quickly without proper analysis of the situation, leading to poor decisions. An example of this occurs in the play when King Lear decides to split up his kingdom equally among his three daughters. He asks his daughters to express their love for him, which he will use to decide who gets which land.The most love and admiration will get the best land. When Lear finds out Cordelia, the daughter he loves most, has the least love to express he acts unreasonably. Lear is furious, and he banishes Cordelia from the kingdom, refusing to give her the power he initially intended too. He deg rades her in front of her possible suitors, making her undesirable to the Duke of Burgundy. This scene portrays how Lear is blind to his daughter’s intentions from his self centered personality. Authority often makes one self centered because they are constantly worshipped by other people and they do not hear things they disapprove of often.Cordelia does not love her father the least, she is attempting to use honesty to show how her two sisters were exaggerating and lying about their love for Lear. Lear sees this as pure betrayal because he is used to being bowed down to at any expense. Cordelia doesn’t express the great love he is expecting, so he is stunned. This causes him to act irrationally without thinking anything through or trying to understand the situation. Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity, and property of blood, And as a stranger to my heart and meHold thee from this for ever. The barbarous Scythian, Or he that makes his generation messes To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom Be as well neighbored, pitied, and relieved As thou my sometime daughter. – (Shakespeare 1. 1. 110-117) Lear tells Cordelia how he has disowned her from the royal family and then tells her that he cares for her as much as he cares for savages that eat their own children. This extreme reaction from Lear illustrates how power has corrupted his thinking. Lear provides another example of acting irrationally, but with Kent this time.Kent argues with Lear about his decision to banish Cordelia. Kent believes Lear is making the wrong decision, and being the nobleman he is, he must attempt to change it. Since Kent is a noble man he will stand up for what is right, even if that means doubting his majesty’s decisions. â€Å"See better, Lear, and let me still remain/ The true blank of thine eye† (Shakespeare 1. 1. 156-157). Kent tells Lear to see better because Lear is misunderstanding Cordelia’s intentions. But because Lear is being so arrogant, he refuses to understand Kent and banishes him also.Lear’s arrogance will lead to an unhappy ending for all, just like Dan Brayton states in his journal article: â€Å"What Lear cannot see, and what is perhaps glimpsed by Cordelia and Kent in their reactions to Lear's living will, is that the process of division initiated with the display of the map will become uncontrol-lable, as the play proceeds to leave nearly all of its major characters propertyless, bereft, or dead† (402). Lear is blind to the good intentions of Kent and Cordelia, which brings punishments upon himself.These irrational decisions lead to negative consequences for Lear. After Cordelia is banished, all the power is split between his other two daughters Goneril and Regan. In their deep lust for power, Goneril and Regan turn on Lear. Now that the two daughters have all the power they feel no need to respect their father and his wishes. They find no benefit in keeping him around and t hey find him a nuisance. The two daughters won’t let their father keep all his noble knights; they refuse to house the only thing he has left in his waning life.Here do you keep a hundred knights and squires, Men so disordered, so debauched and bold That this our court, infected with their manners, Shows like a riotous inn. Epicurism and lust Make it more like a tavern or a brothel Than a graced palace. The shame itself doth speak For instant remedy. Be then desired By her that else will take the thing she begs, A little to disquantity your train, – (Shakespeare 1. 4. 223-231) Goneril tells Lear that there are too many ill-mannered knights crowding the palace, and if he does not reduce their number she will do it herself.Lear has given Goneril and Regan all his power so he has no choice but to obey his daughters. He went from a King to a lonely old man because he was fooled by his two selfish daughters. The author of the journal article â€Å"Sex and Authority in â₠¬ËœHamlet, King Lear’ and ‘Pericles’†, Kay Stockholder, adds to this point: â€Å"Having lost Cordelia to another king, Lear embarks on an inner journey through desolate isolation and victimization† (26). Stockholder’s words can be interpreted such that Lear’s daughters Goneril and Regan isolate him by ignoring him and his wishes.Since Lear has given up his power he is slowly being forgotten. He then becomes Goneril’s and Regan’s victim in their thirst for power. Lear’s poor decisions have fueled his already coming insanity. Goneril and Regan betray their father in their personal desire for power, they are so concerned with their own well being they have lost all intent to care for and love their father. The double plot of this play, Lear and his daughters along with Gloucester and his sons, brings in another significant example with Gloucester and his two sons Edgar and Edmund.Edmund is Gloucester’s bastard son who seeks revenge and full inheritance from his father. Edmund knows that because he is the bastard son he will not be the son to take the place of his father; Edgar will. Edmund has been made to feel less than his brother his whole life and has a strong desire to be on top for once. In Edmund desire to get his father’s inheritance he will commit multiple acts of betrayal. He begins by telling his father of a fake letter which explains that Edgar is going to kill Gloucester.He then tells Edgar that Gloucester is angry with him and that he should avoid him till he can calm him down. Now that Edmund has created some tension, he expands on his plot. Edmund is with Edgar in Gloucester’s castle when they hear Gloucester coming. Edmund tells Edgar to flee for his safety while he draws his own sword and wounds himself. When Gloucester enters Edmund tells him Edgar wounded him. This angers Gloucester and he sends out servants to find Edgar for punishment. In addition to Gl oucester and Edgars plot, Gloucester is involved with King Lear.Cornwall and Regan have taken over Gloucester’s home and have forbidden him to help Lear. Gloucester knows he must help Lear, so he tells Edmund to distract Cornwall and Regan while he sneaks out to find Lear. Edmund immediately betrays his father by telling Cornwall and Regan what Gloucester has gone off to do. All this betrayal and cruelty come from Edmunds motivation to receive inheritance of his father; he wants the power from his father. These evil actions are a result of Edmunds greedy mentality, and with evil actions comes punishment like all of Shakespeare’s plays.At the end of the play, Edmund finally gets what he has coming for himself. Albany realizes Edmund committed treason and calls him to a duel. Just as the Herald calls up anyone who agrees so Albany’s assumption of Edmund, Edgar walks in and takes over the fight. Edmund falls and eventually dies. While Edmund is dying he comes to th e realization that his actions were wrong. I pant for life. Some good I mean to do Despite of mine own nature. Quickly send— Be brief in it—to th' castle, for my writ Is on the life of Lear and on Cordelia. Nay, send in time! – (Shakespeare 5. . 242-246) Edmund appears to regret his wicked actions as he explains how he wishes he could live longer to do a little good. He also tells Albany and Edgar to go quickly to the castle in hope to save King Lear and Cordelia from the death he had sentenced on them. This gesture shows that he has recognized wrong from right and is making any attempt he can to do good before his life’s end. Along with Edmund learning from his actions, the audience too learns from his actions. Tragic endings like such are not pleasant, but they are eye openers for readers and observers.The readers can learn how the misuse of authority has negative effects without having to experience it themselves in real life. After observing the negat ive effects in the text, they can understand and recognize the same situations in real life to avoid them. Throughout King Lear attention is drawn to the idea that authority can have consequences if misused. The two plots in the play signify its importance by being very tragic and upsetting. King Lear’s loss of Cordelia shows how egotistical actions and misused power lead to loss. He is blind to the signs Cordelia and Kent present him with which eventually lead to his demise.Goneril and Regan exemplify how a strong aspiration for power can lead to insensitive and wrong decisions. They betray their father, and anyone who stands in their way. Edmund also exemplifies how an immense want for power leads to his demise by betraying the two people dearest to him, his father and brother, just to inherit the power of his father. He commits acts of pure evil from inner greed. Although the play introduces so many sinful acts and wrong doings upon characters, in the end the readers learn valuable lessons. Authority corrupts when it is taken too far.Authority must not be taken for granted, and it should be used wisely. It should be used for the good of the people, not just for the good of one. Work Cited Brayton, Dan. â€Å"Angling in the Lake of Darkness: Possession, Dispossession, and the Politics of Discovery in ‘King Lear’† ELH 70. 2 (2003): 399-426. Summons. Web. 24 Mar. 2013. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. New York: Pearson, 2005. Print. Longman Cultural Edition. Stockholder, Kay. â€Å"Sex and Authority in ‘Hamlet, King Lear’ and ‘Pericles’† Mosaic 18. 3 (1985): 17-29. Summons. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.

The Insider Secret on Experiential Learning Essay Samples of Animal Shelter Volunteering Discovered

The Insider Secret on Experiential Learning Essay Samples of Animal Shelter Volunteering Discovered These qualities are indispensable to anybody working with the animals in they can have the ability to interpret the way the animals respond to several environments. The majority of them rejected them yet they are among the absolute most humbled animals that is easily tamed by anyone including a young child. Working in an animal shelter is an excellent experience where one is educated on the best way to manage animals. Animal issues vary from one neighborhood to another. Here are 10 reasons why you need to volunteer at your regional animal shelter. Employed as a shelter volunteer, you will learn so much about what it requires to look after animals. Interested volunteers have to be comfortable with dogs. From burnout to stolen animals, you may be surprised at what shelter workers need to deal with. It's been observed that uncontrolled animals pose a danger to human beings. That life isn't as serious as it looks. Animal behavior isn't something which is set in stone. From the above mentioned experiment, it's been depicted that animals are social beings that may be affected by the social nature of the human beings. Choosing Good Experiential Learning Essay Samples of Animal Shelter Volunteering Each one that you handle presents a completely different set of personality traits and training problems. It's challenging work, but nevertheless, it may also be a rewarding procedure. The absolute most efficient format for cover letters can fluctuate , depending upon the opportunities they're targeting. Let them know how shocking it was to discover that you could actually do it. Folks often make the error of not listening carefully. To begin with, understand what you need done, states Downey. What You Should Do to Find Out About Experiential Learning Essay Samples of Animal Shelter Volunteering Before You're Left Behind That paperwork can be faxed to us at 812-349-3440 or you're able to bring it with you on your very first visit. You might be able to be placed on a volunteer waitlist. As soon as I began volunteering, I was searching for a mentor. This will help to make certain that you don't need to do all your volunteering in your free time, and will help you keep committed to and accountable for your volunteer responsibilities. Volunteers who are 13-15 decades old has to be accompanied by a legal guardian whatsoever times. When you find the very same people weekly, you say hello and really get to understand them. I've met some of my best friends. It would give people somewhere to volunteer at, and possibly even adopt a pet should they choose to. Experiential Learning Essay Samples of Animal Shelter Volunteering - What Is It? If you're able to afford 1 hour of your time, you could earn a massive difference in the life span of an animal. Additionally, it aims at discovering an appropriate region that may be used by the community for walking their dogs and playing with them just away from the shelter. Don't hesitate to intend on staying the day, if you would really like! If you don't observe that animal daily, it gets even harder. Employed as a volunteer is likely to make someone feel as though they are helping people and making a difference on the planet. It follows that anyone who offers to help c an expect to get shown proper methods of caring for animals, basic routines, and other details that ought to be known. If you're searching for work, volunteering is a great way to add experience and references for your course of life. Remember that, as I said previously, volunteer work isn't all fun. Experiential Learning Essay Samples of Animal Shelter Volunteering at a Glance But volunteering with a group of individuals who you already know have a minumum of one of the exact same interests as you do makes it much simpler. Working with people and having the ability to thrive in a diverse atmosphere is critical. A lot of people work unpaid in order to obtain experience in rather competitive fields like television, but some people can not describe them as volunteers. Eudaimonic well-being from volunteering are resulted when folks feel they matter on earth. Regrettably, in some specific instances it's necessary, given the present resources our regional community and the state need to offer. We need enthusiastic men and women that are eager to lead small group tours and assist with lessons locally. Community service is a good way for teens to learn how to give back to society and it seems good on college applications. Additionally, there are many national organizations devoted to placing volunteers where they're needed most. Volunteering is a rewarding experience, regardless of the period of time you are able to spare! Take trips and visit different organizations to discover about their programs. If that's the case, volunteering at an animal hospital, for example, would be a good opportunity. Read our volunteer requirements and finish our on-line volunteer application form.

Literture Final Exam Notes - 1143 Words

1st Semester Exam Review Questions English 4 SELECTIONS FOR TESTING 1. Beowulf 2. â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† 3. Canterbury Tales â€Å"Prologue† 4. â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale† from CT 5. Sonnets 6. Elements of Style author’s names Terms (know by definition, characteristics or example). 1. Kenning: two-word poetic renamings of people, places, and things such as the kenning whales’ home for the sea ex from Beowulf: â€Å"I have come so far, / Oh shelterer of warriors and your people’s loved friend, / That this one favor you should not refuse me.† 2. Alliteration: the repitition of initial consonant sounds in accented syllables ex from Beowulf: â€Å"up from his swamland, sliding†¦show more content†¦Spenserian sonnet: rhymes abab bcbc cdcdee 29. Petrarchan sonnet: divided into an eight-line octave, rhyming abba abba, followed by a six-line sestet, rhyming cdecde 30. sonnet sequence: the one hundred or so sonnets are linked by theme or person addresed 31. rhyming couplet: often a dramatic statement that resolves, restates, or redefines the central problem of the sonnet 32. end rhyme scheme: the rhyme comes at the end of the lines. Ex: It runs through the reeds And away it proceeds, Through meadow and glade, In sun and in shade. 33. end-stopped line: A poetic line that has a pause at the end. 34. Imagery: word pictures 35. apostrophe: is when an absent person, an abstract concept, or an important object is directly addressed. Ex: With how sad steps, O moon, thou climbest the skies. Busy old fool, unruly sun. 36. Motif: *A recurrent thematic element in an artistic or literary work. *A dominant theme or central idea. 37. unrequited: means not returned ex: unrequited love because he loved her but she did not love him in return 38. Christmas: Holiday season which most action takes place in â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† 39. wyrd: fate; destiny Canterbury Tales CT pilgrimage was from London to Canterbury. 31# travelers were to tell 4# stories each on the journey. Purpose was ______________________. Characters from CT:

Goods That Are Well Suited and Not Suitable for Sale over the Internet Coursework

Essays on Goods That Are Well Suited and Not Suitable for Sale over the Internet Coursework The paper â€Å"Goods That Are Well Suited and Not Suitable for Sale over the Internet" is a   thoughtful example of coursework one-commerce. In considering selling commodities on the web, it is essential to consider whether the commodities are suited well or not for sale on the web. Nearly all products can be sold on the internet but some products are being sold better than others. In this regard, this assignment will categorize items into different categories. The assignment will pay attention to the products that are suited for sale on the internet and the products which are not suited for sale on the web.Products that are Well Suited for Sale on the InternetHigh Involvement ProductsHigh involvement products refer to those products with a high capital value which is psychologically vital to the buyer since they tend to address the social or ego needs of the buyer (Miller, 2000). These products usually carry psychological and social risks. In purchasing these products, the buyer has to be prepared to spend considerable time and effort in looking for the most suitable product. These products include jewelry and cars. They are being sold well on the internet as buyers have only to utilize the search engines in order to obtain the right product that they need to purchase.Bulky ProductsBulky products are costly to transport from a store to a point of sale. Hence, companies selling bulky products tend to advertise on the web in order to save on transportation costs of products from the store to the point of sale (Allen, 2006). These products may include metallic equipment and vehicle parts.Durable ProductsDurable products are the best selling products on the web since they cannot be spoiled easily. It is not possible to predict when a product would be bought when using online marketing; hence, durable products would be well suited for sale on the internet.Products Not Well Suited for Sale on the InternetLow Involvement ProductsLow involvement products refer to products that may be purchased frequently with minimum thought and least effort since they are not essential and do not have any immense concern on the lifestyle of the consumer (Miller, 2000). The buyer does not associate any risk with these products when purchasing them. These products are easily displayed everywhere. These products include bread, toothpaste, candies, movies, and stationery. These products do not have to be advertised on the internet in order to realize a sale. Advertising the products for sale on the web may cause no much difference in selling products on retail. These products sell better in retail than on the internet.Perishable ProductsSale of perishable products on the web may not realize better sales since the sale on the internet of these products is risky (Allen, 2006). The risk involved may build from lack of making a sale since the products may go bad easily. Such products may include fresh food items.Low Demand productsProducts that are being sold well on the internet include those products which demand is high. Lowly demanded products are not well suited for sale on the internet. Selling of lowly demanded products on the internet would increase the cost of sales rather than reducing the cost of sales on such products (Miller, 2000).To conclude, in choosing the products that are well suited for sale on the internet and products which are not currently suitable for sale on the internet, the effect of selling the product on the internet was analyzed. The effect was either increasing or reducing the sales cost. The products suited for sale on the internet reduce the cost of sales. Conversely, the products that are not suited for sale on the internet increase the cost of sales.

Walls Book Review Free Essays

THEO 330-D03 Walls â€Å"Do you ever have the feeling that you are missing out on something important? † Ryan starts. â€Å"It’s Probably because you are. † (Loc. We will write a custom essay sample on Walls Book Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now 247) Many of us are missing out on all God has for our life. What is keeping us from living the life God intends? Walls– separating us from the greatness God has destined for us. We get stuck plateauing in our spiritual progress, seeming to come to a screeching halt with our growth in the Lord. This is the issue Rush begins to portray in his book, Walls. Rush paints a wonderful picture of how we, as Christians, are to live authentic lives. He provides much Biblical insight in this book to help us break the walls holding us back. We might overcome these stumbling blocks by learning to trust and chase after our Creator with all we have. Only then, He will begin to unveil His plan and promises. One of the greatest quotes of this book, is Ryan’s definition of a wall. He describes them as, â€Å"an unhealthy mind-set that keeps you from living life as God has intended. † (Loc. 453) These bricks, slowly laid down over time, can consist of negative thoughts, sins, doubts, and bitterness against our God. There are no quick fixes in breaking these walls. He says that we need decision, self-control, and a plan in order to get through. In order to break the wall, Rush describes, we need to be able to recognize that the wall is there. Throughout the book, Rush does a great job and telling the people what to do. He really lays down plans and ideas that can get you closer to breaking through. He gives us many tools and actions to help us. We are told to make a plan, to have self-control, and make decisions to break the walls. Rush really emphasizes on the different types of walls we might see. He names almost a dozen different walls and how we are stuck behind them. He always ended with emphasis on our decision is what keeps us locked up behind them. â€Å"Everybody is stuck, but nobody has to be,† he names the chapter. One of the only issues, that I had found, was we were not given specific instruction about how to use these tools. He tells us we need to plan, but unfortunately, we do not se how to formulate such a plan. He tells us to use a hammer, but we do not know the specifics to using it. He gives us the keys to use the wrecking ball, but we receive no instruction to operate the crane. Without knowing how to operate the equipment, we are very unlikely to excavate these barriers–especially if you are the type-a kind of person. We need detailed instruction on how we are to begin the process, continue the process, and end the process of demolition. The positive aspect of this, would be that each reader has to learn from experience on how to succeed. We typically cannot cross these barriers in such short time. Applying this book to my life has been a great experience. I have been struggling much with different walls in my life. Pride has definitely been one of the most prevalent in my observation. I see that over time, I have built a wall brick by brick. Creating these barriers do not usually happen overnight, but they seem to be a progressive construction– they take quite a bit of time. I just remember, in my own life, that after a year of keeping my guard down, I looked up and saw a giant wall that I never realized was there. If we aren’t careful, then we will slowly build a wall that can keep us enclosed for way too long and seem near impossible to break through. What we need to realize, is that we have to see that the wall is there and that you built it. This was one of the hardest steps for me. We have to decide to tear down the wall. This is a ton of work! Unfortunately, if you begin to procrastinate the demolition, there is a good chance that the wall will continue to grow. We can’t just start hitting the wall with a hammer; we have to plan the demolition. If we just swing aimlessly, there is a slim chance that we will knock it down. We have to know where to hit, what to use, and how to prevent it from building back. Throughout this book, I have learned much about demolition that I have used in my own life. I am so glad that I was blessed to read this book; it was a great help! How to cite Walls Book Review, Essay examples

Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research Psychology

Question: Write about theHalf a Defence of Positive Accounting Researchfor Psychology. Answer: Introduction The research paper chosen for the literature critique with the name Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research is written by well-known writer Paul V Dunmore. In this article, the researcher has investigated the significance of positive accounting theory. He explained the numerous implications of this theory in the real world. The strategies of Positive Accounting are associated to the academic research of accounting (Milne 2002). These strategies are founded on experimental assessments targeting to attain resolutions to diverse situations. Various practices of accounting are explained by the theory of positive accounting. This theory assists in the anticipation of understanding the kinds of bookkeeping techniques that will be employed by the corporation in a specific situation. Yet, the utilization of accounting techniques in real situations cannot be predicted effectively. Generally, this paper is seeing the significance of theory of positive accounting in the world of business , and in what way it is enhancing worth in the performance as well as effectiveness of the corporations. The core goal of this report is to make an analytical evaluation over the opinions mentioned in the research paper. The critical analysis of the article is considered different as compared to other critiques, as the main goal of critique is to highlight diverse negative aspects of a particular thing. In this report, a particular structure will be followed to complete the critical analysis. In this report, the summary of article, significance of the article, research questions of the articles, theoretical framework of the article and limitations conclusion will be presented in detail. The nature as well as the scope of theory of positive accounting will be examined in this critique. It will be evaluated that how the recent techniques of accounting function in effectively to conduct the program of research completely and purposefully through assessing its deficits and shortages. The research of positive accounting is considered much wider as compared to theory of positive accounting (Ndjetcheu 2012). In order to investigate, the association among quantitative technique like examination of hypothesi s and falsification of Popper as well as their deficiencies are conducted in this article. The logical goals are not completely gratified through the techniques of positive accounting implemented currently. The techniques of Kuhn are also investigated in detail (Watts, 2003). The capability of technique to support positive bookkeeping in gaining its prospect are highlighted. In order to complete the literature critique effectively, it is required to comply with each and every aspect. Summary of the Article The prediction in the actual world is considered the main basis of this selected article. The article has been shown to fight by the standpoint that the manners and strength of the monetary as well as markets of capital may not be anticipated. In order to solve the issue of predicting the monetary as well as capital markets, the current article is examined (Thwink 2014). The significance of behavioral finance in situations of anticipating has been highlighted in this article. The critical arguments of researcher regarding the Hypothesis of Efficient Market have been recorded in the research paper. The significance of theory of Positive Accounting is investigated as well as referred the strategy to be executed as a result in contrast to Efficient Market Hypothesis. The researcher investigated diverse findings and outcomes in this article. It is found in the article that Theory of Positive Accounting struggles to create effective as well as prosperous anticipations the events of real world (Schulz and Cheng 2002). The theory of Positive Accounting struggles to deliver its significance to the transactions of accounting. It is not essential to investigate that what must be completed in accounting, but identification and planning the core cause or concept behind a specific activity is imperative. Additionally, the theory of accounting is more probable to anticipate the exception occurrences that can be linked with a company. The research paper has focused on the employment of Theory of Positive Accounting for purpose of forecasting the sustainability of a company in international and global market (Ball, Watts and Zimmerman 1989). Various viewpoints and opinions are investigated in the same capability. One research has investigated that manager of financial activities should has complete and accurate information about mon etary ability, as well as must determine their progress in the basis of these anticipations and forecasts. On the other hand, another research discovered completely different results. The setting of accounting is generated through a conveyance of logical inclination of the member who negotiate by diverse kinds of agreements in corporations. The techniques of accounting can impact various choices in the company. Instances of these choices may be various decision made by investigators, the choices of management accounting, advises of scholarly experts, policy makers and regulators. The technique of positive research is wider concept as compared to theory of positive accounting (Watts Zimmerman 1990). Few scholars estimate aspect of behavior in bookkeeping without possessing the hypothesis of judiciousness in the manner like investigation judgment. The program of scientific research is demonstrated by scholar as the intellectual program. Research Questions Research questions or hypothesis are considered significantly essential for conducting a research successfully (Landsman, 2007). The main hypotheses of this article are: There survives a universe that is autonomous of humans thoughts. It indicates that the world is not made-up by activities of individual, and the occurrences in that universe are beyond the control of humans desires. Happenings happen because of reasons which are also considered element of the universe. It shows that these happenings are not accidental and not the external involvements of the universe make them. Through successive assessment, properly consistent data regarding happenings in the world can be obtained by humans. It does not indicate that the assessment of human are incorrect, but the reflections are not wholly independent to the universe. The motive of the knowledgeable investigation is to employ opinions to achieve a comprehension of the universe, as well as in specific of connection. It indicates that mental model are made by us to demonstrate the happenings of the universe clearly. Theoretical Framework This research is based on falsification and examination of hypothesis. First of all, the concepts and ideas of falsification are discussed. In order to test the falsification, the criterion of Popper is used. According to this criterion, numerous theories are investigated. It is investigated that falsification is impracticable as various hypotheses must be used in the prediction of theory. The process of falsified the theories is also mentioned (Hines, 1988). It is indicated in the article that one theory may not be fabricated through an opinion, yet an opinion may conclusively choose any of best theories. The conclusive opinions fabricate inappropriate concepts, but these opinion perform this when they concurrently assist a competing theory. The qualitative positive research is investigated according to process of Poppers. The problems of the auditors are investigated. The investigators possess a connection as well as assessing role in the theory of agency. It is investigated that a udit was conducted with consent of management in past. However, it is now main responsibility (Hall, 1997). The qualitative positive research is used for many reasons. This research is conducted for gather primary data to investigate an issue in detail. Secondly, this research is used to investigate various theories. The null hypothesis are made and developed according to process of Poppers. It is investigated in the theoretical literature that OLS regression test is used for checking hypothesis. The null hypothesis is accepted and rejected on the basis of P value. The confidence interval is also used for this purpose (Chambers, 1993). On the basis of past literature and data, the positive research program is used in this article. According to researcher of the article, the research of positive accounting basically participates to a broader logical striving, by a goal of comprehending manner as well as its reasons in an uncommon situation of multifaceted organizations in which a ran ge of choices are impacted with focused information as well as system of control. In order to test the hypothesis, the research examined various vulnerable models (Kaplan, 1985). The model mentioned in the article of Choi et al., (2009) is investigated. The valuation model of Feltham and Ohlson (1995) is analyzed in the past literature. The empirical examinations give proof that administrators employ numbers of accounting to pledge civil pressure to achieve benefits of politics such as credits of export to make motives for administrators that possess limits of compensation, to decrease the contracts of advance, to give obstacles of dividend as well as to commonly perform an essential part in compelling manipulation of management. The theories of positive accounting are argued on the basis of their productivity, organizational as well as numerical precision and the strategy (Gibbins, 1984). On the other hand, it is argued by the research of positive accounting that they make a strategy that possess a role of information that os administrators, investigators, and bo rrowers desire strategies that assist them to anticipate the impacts of decisions of accounting on their wellbeing and making u effective agreement. It is also investigated that the theory of positive accounting assists member like policy makers to comprehend the outcomes of their activities in eradicating the traditional obstacle of the techniques of accounting. Significance and Limitations The article is considered significantly essential for policy makers and accountants. This research provides theoretical and physical implications (Kendall and Popper 1959). This study can be used for investigating future research. It will be used as literature. On the other hand, the policy makers and mangers can take assistance from this article. This article demonstrates the significance of positive accounting theory in detail by investigating previous data and literature. Each research has some obstacles and limitations. The current article also possesses various limitation. In this article, the research just focused on the argument of other scholars and past research papers. The epistemology and ontology of the positive research has been investigated in the article. It is investigated that how the recent accounting techniques assist the process of research (Whitley, 1988). The 1st limitation is that no better theoretical model has been investigated in the article. The greatly sus ceptible models are used that severely impact the investigation. The much elegant techniques happening from logical study are not organized to be investigable. Secondly, the research did not focus on the measurement. The research did not measure significantly various models and theories. Operationalization of ideas are not done effectively. The accurate operational form should be selected that make a significant association among various ideas. The researcher just reinvented the previous data as compared to investigate the concepts. The researcher just investigated the hypothesis. He did not evaluate various parameters and aspects. The confidence interval must be contrasted with the technique of other researches. The researcher did not mentioned that requirement for information records of investigations of essential ideas. All results must be arranged in a specific arrangement. The researcher did not verify the hypothesis with finding and results. The research must investigate vario us theories as compared to concentrate on single theory. All these limitations are completely acknowledged by the research (Dunmore, n.d.). However, the researcher did not draw the conclusion from the study. He just presented the recommendations in the conclusion. These limitations significantly impact the significance of the study. Due to these limitation, a validate outcome of the research is not obtained. Conclusion On the basis of above critique, it is concluded that this article is significantly essential for the management. The demand of investigating various theories is increasing. The pessimistic performance happening in the research of positive accounting are because of the recent quantitative models. These models are either too simple or too difficult. A range of improvements are needed to examine the model effectively. A significant technique of investigating the ideas must be made, so it may be utilized as a basic technique for future investigation. Various parameters must be investigated. The article critique is significantly essential for researchers and management. The researcher can examine this to know the limitations of the article. The management can use this critique to investigate how positive accounting theory is beneficial. This critique enhanced my knowledge as well. I learned the main ideas and concepts of the positive accounting theory. References Dunmore, P. (n.d.). Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. SSRN Electronic Journal. Gibbins, M. (1984). Propositions about the Psychology of Professional Judgment in Public Accounting. Journal of Accounting Research, 22(1), 103. Kendall, M. and Popper, K. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Biometrika, 46(1/2), 265. Milne, M. (2002). Positive accounting theory, political costs And social disclosure analyses: a critical look. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 13(3), 369-395. Ndjetcheu, L. (2012). An African critical interpretation of the positive theory of accounting of Watts and Zimmerman (1978, 1980, 1986). African J. of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 1(1), 25. Thwink.org. (2014). The Kuhn Cycle - Thomas Kuhn's Brilliant Model of How Scientific Fields Progress. [online] Available at: https://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/KuhnCycle.htm Schulz, A. and Cheng, M. (2002). Persistence in capital budgeting reinvestment decisions - personal responsibility antecedent and information asymmetry moderator: A note. Accounting and Finance, 42(1), 73-86. Ball, R., Watts, R. and Zimmerman, J. (1989). Editorial data. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 11(4), 293. Hines, R. D. (1988). Poppers methodology of falsificationism and accounting research. The Accounting Review, 657-662. Hall, S. C. (1997). In defense of positive accounting theory. Accounting Forum, 21, 43-52 Kaplan, R. S. (1985). Comments on Paul Healy: Evidence on the effect of bonus schemes on accounting procedures and accrual decisions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, (7), 109-113. Landsman, W. R. (2007). Is fair value accounting information relevant and reliable? Evidence from capital market research. Accounting and Business Research, Special Issue: International Accounting Policy Forum, (2), 19-30. Chambers, R. J., (1993). Positive Accounting Theory and the PA Cult. Abacus, 29(1), 1-29. Watts, R. L, Zimmerman, J. L. (1990). Positive accounting theory: A ten year perspective. The Accounting Review, (65), 131-156. Whitley, R. D. (1988). The possibility and utility of positive accounting theory. Accounting, Organizations, and Society, (13), 631-645. Watts, R. L. (2003b). Conservatism in accounting part II: Evidence and research opportunities. Accounting Horizons, (17), 287-301

Women Essays - Gender Studies, Gender Role, Sexism, Gender

Women In Architecture Of what historic and contemporary concern is it that the architecture profession has been, and continues to be, strongly male dominated in Australia (currently 90% of registered architects in NSW are men). Ideally, what proportion of the profession should women occupy and why? From the start of human history, we always experience certain level of inequality between sexes. It can be seen everywhere around the world and is a concern to everyone, both men and women. This inequality is an important issue within the workforce of many professions, such as being an architect, landscape architect, city planners and designers within the built environment. Industrial revolution is the onset for women to become segregated from home, creating greater spatial division to impact on gender roles. There is common concept between the relationship of public and private space with male and female as described by Kate Lyons. This model represents the suburbanisation occurring in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Many suburban women are forced within their daily activities due to the constraints on accessibility and mobility in low-density suburbs and lead to a feeling of being isolated from the inner city. These constraints of this gender role affect the women's ability in the broader professions within the built environment, as they were restricted at home. "... Architects do not like to employ women in their offices; contractors do not like to build from their plans; people with money to spend do not like to entrust its expenditure to a woman." This is probably due to the fact that women are kept at home without 'knowing much' of the 'outside world'; the design professions have intrigued women into marginal roles. Architects and other similar professional fields "have perceived women not as profession but as passive clients." From these, women are users of the designed built environment as there are only few to have the opportunity to design them. This forces women to adapt to the way environments have been designed (by men). There is a concern where many women architects, landscape architects, planners, builders and designers such as Catharine Beecher, Louise Bethune. Eileen Gray, Julia Morgan, and others are not formally identified with professions. Many of their works have been credited to their male colleagues. Another concern is that there is a lack of sensitivity towards women's needs within the built environment. Design strategies and schemes often fail to consider women as a disadvantage group with exclusive needs, many of these needs are inadequately met or even un-met. This was evident in several Local Environmental Plans and Development Control Plans of the Sydney Metropolitan area that had not identified women as a disadvantage group to be included amongst the handicapped and elderly in design issue. Having considered women's issues within the built environment, in concluding one must ask are the fundamentals of professions of the built environment gender biased? Whilst the outcomes of these are gender biased, the fundamentals of planning require subsequent analysis in order to resolve the question. "... not only do men and women view a common world from different perspectives, they view different worlds as well." The issues raised are not subject to strictly to women, but men also experience them though with less intensity. In addressing these issues a gender sensitive environment will be beneficial to all. Bibliography 1. Allen, J., Evidence and Silence: Feminism and the Limits of History in Feminist Challenges, 1986. 2. Freestone, R., Florence Taylor: The Lady Town Planner of Loftus Street in New Planner, Dec 1991. 3. Hanna, B., Florence Taylor's Hats in Architecture Bulletin, Oct 1986. 4. Hanna, B., Three Ferminist Analyses of the Built Environment in Architectural Theory Review, vol. 1, no.1, April 1996.